Architectural perspectives in the cathedral of Palermo : image-based modeling for cultural heritage understanding and enhancement

Palermo off ers a repertoire of both artistic and architectural solid perspective of great beauty and in large quantity. This paper addresses the problem of the 3D survey of these works and their related study through the use of image-based modelling (IBM) techniques. We propose, as case studies, the use of IBM techniques inside the Cathedral of Palermo. Indeed, the church houses a huge and rich sculptural repertoire, dating back to 16th century, which constitutes a valid field of IBM techniques application. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the e ffectiveness and potentiality of these techniques for geometric analysis of sculptured works. Indeed, usually the survey of these artworks is very diffi cult due the geometric complexity, typical of sculptured elements. In this study, we analysed cylindrical and planar geometries as well as carrying out an application of perspective return.peer-reviewe

Chapter A graphical analysis of a skewed arched-masonry bridge along the Circumetnea railway track

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of ‘Dialogues’ as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with ‘others’, which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, “dialogue” as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title ‘translated’ into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences

DIGITAL SURVEY AI AND SEMANTICS FOR RAILWAY MASONRY BRIDGES HEALTH ASSESSMENT

Abstract. Masonry arch railway bridges represent a historically built heritage to be preserved. The multidisciplinary approach requires the construction of a common language, namely the creation of a formal conceptualisation of bridge domain that could serve as basis for both adding new layers of knowledge in H-BIM modeling and aiding the automatic segmentation of masonry bridge point clouds, thus supporting the semi-automatic creation of information models. The presented research aims at showing the results of an in-depth analysis conducted on masonry arched bridges computational ontologies; following this, the authors propose a semantic conceptualization in the masonry bridge domain, structured with three group of key concepts needed in the process of knowledge: bridge elements, materials, and defects. As a case study the masonry bridges of the Sicilian Circumetnea railway are chosen

From structure from motion to historical building information modeling: populating a semantic aware library of architectural elements

In recent years, we have witnessed a huge diffusion of building information modeling (BIM) approaches in the field of architectural design, although very little research has been undertaken to explore the value, criticalities, and advantages attributable to the application of these methodologies in the cultural heritage domain. Furthermore, the last developments in digital photogrammetry lead to the easy generation of reliable low-cost three-dimensional textured models that could be used in BIM platforms to create semanticaware objects that could compose a specific library of historical architectural elements. In this case, the transfer between the point cloud and its corresponding parametric model is not so trivial and the level of geometrical abstraction could not be suitable with the scope of the BIM. The aim of this paper is to explore and retrace the milestone works on this crucial topic in order to identify the unsolved issues and to propose and test a unique and simple workflow practitioner centered and based on the use of the latest available solutions for point cloud managing into commercial BIM platforms. © 2016 SPIE and IS&

Digital methodologies for surveying and enhancement of hypogeous cultural heritage

[EN] The study addresses the problems of acquisition and enhancement in the field of underground sites with particular regard to the Catacomb of St. John in Syracuse. In addition to the proposed survey methodology, the research highlightes that only through a reliable and objective documentation you can understand and study in depth these places. 3D documentation of these places hidden from the eyes of the city and, therefore, very complex to interpret has provided a powerful tool for investigation as it has allowed to show the relationships between the plano-altimetric environments and to study from a geometrical point of view the spatiality of these places providing new and valuable information to scholars of the monument.[ES] El estudio afronta la problemática de la adquisición y valorización en el ámbito de las obras subterráneas con especial atención a la Catacumba de San Giovanni de Siracusa. Además de la metodología de investigación propuesta, la presente investigación evidencia que sólo a través de una documentación objetiva y rigurosa se puede conocer y estudiar en profundidad esta clase de lugares. La documentación 3D de estos lugares escondidos a los ojos de la ciudad y, por este motivo muy complejos de interpretar, se muestra como un formidable instrumento de investigación que ha permitido visualizar las relaciones plano-altimétricas de los entornos y estudiar desde un punto de vista geométrico la espacialidad de estos lugares proporcionando nuevas y valiosas informaciones a los estudiosos del monumento.Santagati, C. (2014). Metodologie digitali per il rilievo e la valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale ipogeo. Virtual Archaeology Review. 5(10):82-92. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4222829251

HISTORICAL SENTIENT – BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL: A DIGITAL TWIN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MUSEUM COLLECTIONS IN HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURES

Abstract. This paper investigates the application of the Digital Twin approach to get a Sentient building able to acquire the ability to perceive external inputs and develop strategies to support its management and/or conservation. The experimentation foresees the integration of an H-BIM model with a Decision Support System based on Artificial Intelligence (in this case Machine Learning techniques) for the management of museum collections in historical architectures. The innovative aspect of this methodology resides in the change of paradigm regarding the relations between the historical building under consideration and the professional figures who deal with the management, conservation and architectural restoration. This work tries to contextualize the novel HS-BIM methodology within the theoretical discussion of the disciplines mentioned above and to participate in Digital Twin's debate. HS-BIM can be seen as a possible path that leads to creating digital twins for cultural heritage. The reflection inspired by this experience aims to revise the concept of Digital Twin as a parallel/external digital model in favour of an artificial evolution of the real system augmented by a "cognitive" apparatus. In this vision, thanks to AI application, future buildings will be able to sense "comfort and pain" and learning from their own life-cycle experience but also from that one of elder sentient-buildings thanks to transfer learning already applied in AI's fields

Urban and Architectural Design of the Piazza del Governo in Enna

The present essay deals with the urban space of Piazza del Governo in Enna, a town located in the center of Sicily. This square is a work projected and realized in 1935 by the palermitan architect Salvatore Caronia Roberti. This area is a wide space representative of the 1930s fascist regime: the square would worthily hold the public headquarters of the politic-institutional and economic-financial power. The planimetric compositive layout is assigned to geometric rigor. The wide urban empty space does not erase or destroy the memory of places, on the contrary the high tower of the Palazzo del Governo fits well in the historic skyline. The buildings overlooking the square, most realized ex-novo, show the temper of monumentality and representativeness that are called to accomplish. Our investigation started by analyzing the historical documents preserved at the Historic Archive of the city of Enna (project drawings, letters, historical images) to better understand why some decisions have been taken. The research used the tools of Survey and Representation to better understand the shape and the measure, the dimensional ratios both at the urban and at the architectural scale. To achieve that we have carried out an integrated survey (direct, photogrammetric, 3d laser scanning) in order to acquire a whole set of information essential to describe, document and appreciate all the features of these urban space and buildings. The final result represents the historical memory up to date of the whole urban space and it allows any academics to investigate more about the project: the initial decisions, the conservation state, the possible and more coherent interventions of maintenance and preservation

POPULATING A LIBRARY OF REUSABLE H-BOMS: ASSESSMENT OF A FEASIBLE IMAGE BASED MODELING WORKFLOW

The paper shows the intermediate results of a research activity aimed at populating a library of reusable Historical Building Object Models (H-BOMs) by testing a full digital workflow that takes advantages from using Structure from Motion (SfM) models and is centered on the geometrical/stylistic/materic analysis of the architectural element (portal, window, altar). The aim is to find common (invariant) and uncommon (variant) features in terms of identification of architectural parts and their relationships, geometrical rules, dimensions and proportions, construction materials and measure units, in order to model archetypal shapes from which it is possible to derive all the style variations. At this regard, a set of 14th - 16th century gothic portals of the catalan-aragonese architecture in Etnean area of Eastern Sicily has been studied and used to assess the feasibility of the identified workflow. This approach tries to answer the increasingly demand for guidelines and standards in the field of Cultural Heritage Conservation to create and manage semantic-aware 3D models able to include all the information (both geometrical and alphanumerical ones) concerning historical buildings and able to be reused in several projects

Memorias evocadas - reconstrucción virtual de un hito arquitectónico

[EN] This paper addresses the challenge of digitally reconstructing ruined architectural sites and retracing their history, in order to virtually recompose their geometrical, stylistic and material integrity. To this end, the research team analyzed the ruins of the church of Santa Maria de Monasterio Albo, located in the ancient village of Misterbianco (Sicily) and destroyed (together with the entire hamlet) by the 1669 eruption of Mount Etna. In the last years, some excavation campaigns brought the church to the light, unveiling the remains of the main portal and six altars, which are one of the most remarkable examples of Mannerist art in eastern Sicily. This research aimed to three-dimensional (3D) reconstruct both the altars and the portal, ideally reviving their original 17th century configuration. This goal was achieved through an in-depth archival research (documents dating back to the years between 1300 and 1666 were consulted), an analysis of Classic and Renaissance treatises, and two integrated digital survey campaigns (laser scans and photogrammetry). The outcome is represented by the 3D models of the seven artifacts, which include surviving parts reconstructed as photogrammetric meshes, several fragments were placed in their likely early location through a virtual anastylosis, and NURBS (Non Uniform Rational Basis-Splines) surfaces (recreating the no longer existing elements). The latter were 3D modelled based on the treatises (which provided information on the correct proportioning) or in analogy with other coeval similar artifacts. Overall, the digital reconstruction was based on the ethical principles of transparency of the intervention, recognition of non-original additions and distinction between evidence and hypothesis, according to the London Charter and the Seville Principles. The experimentation provides a valid support for possible interventions in the real world and is the starting point to develop a digital archive of the site, which would make the different accuracy levels the reconstruction explicit.[ES] Este artículo aborda el reto de reconstruir digitalmente las ruinas arquitectónicas y de recomponer su integridad geométrica, estilística y material. Para ello, los investigadores analizaron la iglesia de Santa María de Monasterio Albo, situada en el antiguo pueblo de Misterbianco (Sicilia) y destruida (junto con todo el burgo) por la erupción del Etna de 1669. En los últimos años, varias campañas de excavación han sacado a la luz la iglesia, revelando los restos del portal principal y los seis altares, que constituyen uno de los ejemplos más notables del arte manierista en el este de Sicilia. La investigación ha permitido reconstruir tridimensionalmente(3D) tanto los altares como el portal, reviviendo idealmente su configuración original del siglo XVII. Este objetivo se logró mediante una investigación de archivos (se consultaron documentos que se remontan a los años 1300-1666), un análisis de los tratados clásicos y renacentistas, así como dos campañas integradas de levantamiento digital (escaneado láser y fotogrametría). El resultado está representado por los modelos 3D de los siete artefactos, que incluyen partes supervivientes (reconstruidas como mesh fotogramétricas), varios fragmentos (colocados en su probable posición inicial mediante una anastilosis virtual) y superficies NURBS (’Non Uniform Rational Basis-Splines’, que recrean los elementos que ya no existen). Estos últimos fueron modelados en 3D, bien sobre la base de los tratados (que ofrecían información sobre las proporciones correctas), o bien por analogía con otros artefactos coetáneos similares. En general, la reconstrucción digital se basó en los principios éticos de transparencia de la intervención, reconocimiento de los añadidos no originales y distinción entre pruebas e hipótesis, según las Cartas de Londres y Sevilla. La experimentación ofrece un soporte válido para posibles intervenciones en el mundo real y es el punto de partida para desarrollar un archivo digital del sitio, capaz de explicitar los diferentes niveles de precisión de la reconstrucción.The authors would like to thank: the Monasterium Album Foundation, especially the president father Giovanni Condorelli and all the members of the institution, for allowing access to the archaeological site of Campanarazzu, for authorizing the photographic reproduction of images, as well as for the helpfulness to discuss the issues addressed; the Soprintendenza dei Beni Culturali of Catania (specifically the architect Giuseppe Sciacca) for providing the documentary sources of the excavation campaigns conducted since 2002 (specifically, the Fig. 7a, 7b, 8, 9a, 9b); Mr. Mimmo Murabito, for sharing the results of his historical research.Fallica, S.; Garozzo, R.; Santagati, C. (2021). Retraced memories - virtual reconstruction of an architectural landmark. Virtual Archaeology Review. 12(25):124-139. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.15302OJS1241391225Adembri, B., Cipriani, L., & Bertacchi, G. (2018). Virtual anastylosis applied to the architectural decoration of mixtilinear buildings in Villa Adriana: the case study of the scattered friezes of the Teatro Marittimo. Applied Geomatics, 10(4), 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0207-5Aiello, D., & Bolognesi, C. (2020). Reliving history: The digital reconstruction of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(23), 106-126. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.13706Alby, E., Grussenmeyer, P., Bitard, L., Guillemin, S., Brunet-Gaston, V., Gaston, C., & Rougier, R. (2017). Digitization of blocks and virtual anastylosis of an antique facade in Pont-Sainte-Maxence (France). The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-15-2017Aliberti, L., & Alonso-Rodríguez, M. Á. (2018). Digital photogrammetry for the geometrical analysis of the umbrella-shaped dome in Baia (Naples). The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2, 23-28. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-23-2018Apollonio, F. I., Fallavollita, F., Giovannini, E. C., Foschi, R., & Corso, S. (2017). The reconstruction of drawn architecture. Studies in Digital Heritage, 1(2), 380-395. https://doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23243Apollonio, F. I., & Giovannini, E. C. (2015). A paradata documentation methodology for the Uncertainty Visualization in digital reconstruction of CH artifacts. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v5n1p1Bianconi, F., Filippucci, M., & Magi Meconi, F. (2019). Parametrical Vitruvius. Generative modeling of the architectural orders. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 8(2), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v8n2p29Brusaporci, S. (2017). The Importance of Being Honest: Issues of Transparency in Digital Visualization of Architectural Heritage. In: A. Ippolito, Handbook of Research on Emerging Technologies for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage: (pp. 66-93). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0675-1Brusaporci, S., & Trizio, I. (2013). La «Carta di Londra» e il Patrimonio Architettonico: Riflessioni circa una possibile implementazione. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v3n2p55Buglio, D. L., Lardinois, V., & De Luca, L. (2015). What do thirty-one columns say about a "theoretical" thirty-second? Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1145/2700425Canciani, M., Falcolini, C., Buonfiglio, M., Pergola, S., Saccone, M., Mammì, B., & Romito, G. (2013). A method for virtual anastylosis: the case of the Arch of Titus at the Circus Maximus in Rome. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Science, II-5/W1, 61-66. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W1-61-2013Cignoni, P., & Scopigno, R. (2008). Sampled 3D models for CH applications: A viable and enabling new medium or just a technological exercise? Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 1(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1145/1367080.1367082Cipriani, L., García-León, J., & Fantini, F. (2019). From the general documentation of Hadrian's Villa to design analysis of complex cupolas: A procedural approach. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 327-334. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-327-2019Demetrescu, E., & Fanini, B. (2017). A white-box framework to oversee archaeological virtual reconstructions in space and time: Methods and tools. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 500-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.034De Vos, P. J., & De Rijk, M. J. (2019). Virtual reconstruction of the birthplace of Rembrandt van Rijn: from historical research over 3D modeling towards virtual presentation. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W15, 397-404. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-397-2019Forte, M. (2007). La Villa di Livia. Un percorso di ricerca di archeologia virtuale. Rome, Italy: Herma. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2107.4887Forte, M. (2014). 3D Archaeology. New Perspectives and Challenges. The example of Catalhoyuk. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3285.0568Frommel, S., & Schlimme, H. (2020). Editorial. Virtual models and scientific value. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2276(20)30405-1Frommel, S., & Schlimme, H. (2020). Editorial. Virtual models and scientific value. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v10n1p1Garagnani, S., Cancilla, A., & Masina, E. (2019). Understanding the design intent through the analysis of Renaissance drawings. The digital reconstruction of an unbuilt mausoleum by Giuliano da Sangallo. SCIRES-IT - SCIentific RESearch and Information Technology, 9(2), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.2423/i22394303v9n2p57Giovannini, E. C. (2020). Workflow for an evidence-based virtual reconstruction: the marbles of the ciborium of the early medieval Monte Sorbo church. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLIII-B2-2020, 1395-1402. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1395-2020Grellert, M., Apollonio, F. I., Martens, B., & Nubbaum, N. (2018). Working Experiences with the Reconstruction Argumentation Method (RAM) - Scientific Documentation for Virtual Reconstruction. 23rd International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies 2018. ISBN 978-3-200-06576-5Guidi, G., Russo, M., & Angheleddu, D. (2014). 3D survey and virtual reconstruction of archeological sites. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 1(2), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2014.01.001Hermon, S., & Kalisperis, L. (2011). Between the Real and the Virtual: 3D visualization in the Cultural Heritage domain - expectations and prospects. 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Bisagni.Morolli, G., Cantini, C., & Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze. (2013). La lingua delle colonne: morfologia, proporzioni e semantica degli ordini architettonici. Florence, Italy: Edifir.Palestini, C., & Basso, A. (2019). 3D detection and reconstruction experiments in river basins. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W9, 543-550. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W9-543-2019Piemonte, A., Caroti, G., Martínez-Espejo Zaragoza, I., Fantini, F., & Cipriani, L. (2018). A Methodology for Planar Representation of Frescoed Oval Domes: Formulation and Testing on Pisa Cathedral. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(8), 318-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080318Pietroni, E., & Ferdani, D. (2021). Virtual Restoration and Virtual Reconstruction in Cultural Heritage: Terminology, Methodologies, Visual Representation Techniques and Cognitive Models. 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Low cost image-based modeling techniques for archaeological heritage digitalization: more than just a good tool for 3d visualization?

[EN] This study shows the first results of a research aimed at catching the potentiality of a series of low cost, free and open source tools (such as ARC3D, 123D Catch, Hypr3D). These tools are founded on the SfM (Structure from Motion) techniques and they are able to realize automatically image-based models starting from simple sequences of pictures data sets. Initially born as simple touristic 3D visualization (e.g. Photosynth) of archaeological and/or architectural sites or cultural assets (e.g. statues, fountains and so on), nowadays allow to reconstruct impressive photorealistic 3D models in short time and at very low costs. Therefore we have chosen different case studies with various levels of complexity (from the statues to the architectures) in order to start a first testing on the modeling potentiality of these tools.[IT] Il presente studio mostra i primi risultati di una ricerca volta a comprendere le potenzialità di una serie di applicativi low-cost, free e open source (ARC3D, 123D Catch, Hypr3D) basati sulle tecniche SfM (Structure from Motion) ed in grado di realizzare in maniera automatizzata modelli 3D fotografici a partire da semplici sequenze di immagini fotografiche. Inizialmente nati per la semplice visualizzazione turistica (ad esempio Photosynt) di siti archeologici e/o architettonici o di beni culturali (statue, dettagli etc) oggi attraverso queste tecnologie è possibile riprodurre con costi contenuti e tempi notevolmente ridotti modelli 3D fotorealistici. Sono stati scelti casi studio di diversa complessità (dalle statue alle architetture) in modo da poter avviare una prima verifica sulle potenzialità di modellazione di questi applicativi.Galizia, M.; Santagati, C. (2013). Low cost image-based modeling techniques for archaeological heritage digitalization: more than just a good tool for 3d visualization?. Virtual Archaeology Review. 4(9):123-129. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4262OJS12312949ABATE, Dante et al. (2011): "Project Photofly: new 3d modeling online web service (case studies and assessments)", in International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Volume XXXVIII-5/W16.BARAZZETTI, Luigi et al. (2010): "Extraction Of Accurate Tie Points For Automated Pose Estimation Of Close Range Blocks", in IAPRS, Vol. XXXVIII, Part 3A.BERALDIN, Jean-Angelo et al. (2005): "Virtual reconstruction of heritage sites: opportunities & challenges created by 3D technologies", in The International Workshop on Recording, Modeling and Visualization of Cultural Heritage. May 22-27, 2005. Ascona, Switzerland. NRC 48100.CALLIERI, Marco et al. (2009): "Scanner 3D con hardware low cost e strumenti free/open source", in Archeologia e Calcolatori, Supplemento 2, pp. 173-180.CIGNONI, Paolo (2009): "Low cost resources for image synthesis and image-based modeling", in Siggraph 2009CIGNONI, Paolo et al. (2008): "MeshLab: an Open-Source Mesh Processing Tool", in Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, pp. 129-136.FILIPPUCCI, Marco (2010): "Nuvole di pixel. La fotomodellazione con software liberi per il rilievo d'architettura", in DISEGNARECON, vol 3, n.6.FRATUS DE BALESTRINI, Elena et al. (2011): "New instruments for survey: on line softwares for 3d reconstruction from images", in International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXVIII-5/W16.GOESELE, Michael et al. (2007): "Multi-View Stereo for Community Photo Collections", in Proceedings of ICCV 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, October 14-20.POLLEFEYS, Marc et al. (2004): "Visual modeling with a hand-held camera", in International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 59, n. 3, pp. 207-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:VISI.0000025798.50602.3aSNAVELY, Noah et al. (2008): "Modelling the world from internet photo collections", in International Journal of Computer Vision, 80(2), pp. 189-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0107-3SNAVELY, Noah et al. (2008): "Finding Paths through the World's Photos", in ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2008), vol. 27, n.3, pp.11-21.TINGDAHL, David et al. (2011): "ARC3D: A public Web service that turns photos into 3D models", in Stanco, F. Battiato, S. Gallo G. (eds.), Digital imaging for Cultural Heritage Preservation: Analysis, Restoration, and Reconstruction of Ancient Artworks, CRC Press.VERGAUWEN, Maarten et al. (2006): "Web-based reconstruction service", in Machine Vision and Applications, 17(6), pp. 411-426.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00138-006-0027-